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James the Less

  • 1 James the Less

    Христианство: Иаков Младший (апостол из 12-ти), Иаков Алфеев

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > James the Less

  • 2 James (An apostle and son of Alphaeus according to the Gospel accounts - called also James the Less. Mt:10:3)

    Религия: Иаков Алфеев

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > James (An apostle and son of Alphaeus according to the Gospel accounts - called also James the Less. Mt:10:3)

  • 3 less

    1. adjective

    of less value/importance/account or note — weniger wertvoll/wichtig/bedeutend

    his chances are less than mine — seine Chancen sind geringer als meine

    less talking, please — etwas mehr Ruhe, bitte

    2. adverb

    I think less/no less of him after what he did — ich halte nicht mehr so viel/nicht weniger von ihm, seit er das getan hat

    less and less [often] — immer seltener

    the less so because... — um so weniger, als od. weil...

    even or still/far or much less — noch/viel weniger

    3. noun, no pl., no indef. art.

    the less said [about it] the better — je weniger man darüber sagt, um so besser

    in less than no time — (joc.) in Null Komma nichts (ugs.)

    less of that! — (coll.) Schluss damit!

    less of your cheek! — (coll.) sei nicht so frech!

    4. preposition
    * * *
    [les] 1. adjective
    ((often with than) not as much (as): Think of a number less than forty; He drank his tea and wished he had put less sugar in it; The salary for that job will be not less than $30,000.) weniger
    2. adverb
    (not as much or to a smaller extent: I like her less every time I see her; You should smoke less if you want to remain healthy.) weniger
    3. pronoun
    (a smaller part or amount: He has less than I have.) weniger
    4. preposition
    (minus: He earns $280 a week less $90 income tax.) abzüglich
    - academic.ru/42527/lessen">lessen
    - lesser 5. adverb
    (less: the lesser-known streets of London.) weniger
    - the less... the less/more
    - no less a person than
    * * *
    [les]
    1. (to a smaller extent) weniger
    you should work more and talk \less du solltest mehr arbeiten und weniger reden
    getting out of bed in summer is \less difficult than in winter im Sommer fällt das Aufstehen leichter als im Winter
    I think of him \less as a colleague and more as a friend ich betrachte ihn eher als Freund denn als Kollegen
    \less of your cheek! sei nicht so frech!
    he listened \less to the answer than to Kate's voice er hörte weniger auf die Antwort als auf Kates Stimme
    the \less... the better je weniger..., umso besser
    the \less said about this unpleasant business the better je weniger über diese unerfreuliche Sache geredet wird, umso besser
    much [or far] [or a lot] \less complicated viel einfacher
    \less expensive/happy/sad billiger/unglücklicher/glücklicher
    the more..., the \less... je mehr..., desto weniger...
    the more she hears about the place, the \less she wants to go there je mehr sie über den Ort erfährt, desto weniger will sie hin
    ▪ no \less a/an...:
    that this is a positive stereotype makes it no \less a stereotype dass das ein positives Vorurteil ist, ändert nichts daran, dass es ein Vorurteil ist
    \less and \less immer weniger
    she phones me \less and \less sie ruft mich immer weniger an
    his uncle is \less and \less able to look after himself sein Onkel kann immer weniger für sich sorgen
    2. (not the least bit)
    ▪ \less than... kein bisschen...
    \less than accurate/fair/just/happy nicht gerade genau/fair/gerecht/glücklich
    it is little \less than disgraceful that he refused to keep his promises es ist mehr als schändlich, dass er seine Versprechen nicht eingehalten hat
    3.
    ▶ in \less than no time ( hum fam) im Nu fam, in null Komma nichts fam
    we'll have the pizzas delivered in \less than no time wir liefern die Pizzas in null Komma nichts
    you stir the ingredients together, pop it in the oven and in \less than no time, it's ready mischen Sie die Zutaten, schieben Sie die Masse in den Ofen und schon ist es fertig
    ▶ much [or still] \less... ( form) geschweige denn..., viel weniger...
    at the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, much \less an aircraft mit 14 war ich noch nie mit dem Zug gefahren, geschweige denn geflogen
    what woman would consider a date with him, much \less a marriage? welche Frau würde mit ihm ausgehen, geschweige denn, ihn heiraten
    ▶ no \less ( also iron) niemand geringerer
    who should arrive at the party but the Prime Minister, no \less! und wer war wohl auch auf der Party? der Premierminister, höchstpersönlich!
    Peter cooked dinner — fillet steak and champagne, no \less Peter kochte das Abendessen — Filetsteak und Champagner, nur das Beste
    ▶ no \less... than... kein geringerer/kein geringeres/keine geringere... als...
    no \less an occasion than their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary kein geringerer Anlass als ihr 25. Hochzeitstag
    II. adj
    1. comp of little weniger
    I had \less money than I thought ich hatte weniger Geld als ich dachte
    I eat \less chocolate and fewer biscuits than I used to ich esse weniger Schokolade und Kekse als früher
    the \less time spent here, the better je weniger Zeit man hier verbringt, umso besser
    2. (non-standard use of fewer) weniger
    the trees have produced \less apples this year die Bäume tragen heute weniger Äpfel
    short hair presents \less problems than long hair kurzes Haar verursacht weniger Probleme als langes
    3. ( old: lower in rank, less important) jünger
    ▪ ... the L\less der Jüngere
    James the L\less Jakobus der Jüngere
    III. pron indef
    1. (smaller amount) weniger
    she is aged 40 or \less sie ist 40 oder jünger
    he only has $10 but she has even \less! er hat nur 10 Dollar, sie noch weniger
    I've been trying to eat \less ich versuche, weniger zu essen
    a little/lot \less etwas/viel weniger
    that's too much — could I have a little \less? das ist zu viel — könnte ich etwas weniger haben?
    ▪ to be/do \less of sth:
    I've been seeing \less of her lately ich sehe sie in letzter Zeit weniger
    \less of a problem ein geringeres Problem
    storage is \less of a problem than it used to be die Lagerung ist heute ein kleineres Problem als früher
    ▪ \less than... weniger als...
    we had walked \less than three kilometres when Robert said he wanted to rest wir hatten noch keine drei Kilometer hinter uns, als Robert eine Pause machen wollte
    ready in \less than an hour in weniger als einer Stunde fertig
    2. non-standard (fewer) weniger
    he doesn't have many enemies but she has even \less er hat nicht viele Feinde, sie noch viel weniger
    ▪ \less than... weniger als...
    a population of \less than 200,000 weniger als 200.000 Menschen
    3.
    ▶ to be little \less than sth fast schon etw sein
    it was little \less than disgraceful es war fast schon eine Schande
    his speech was so full of bad jokes and misinformation that it was little \less than an embarrassment seine Rede war so voll mit schlechten Scherzen und falscher Information, dass es fast schon peinlich war
    ▶ no \less than... nicht weniger als..., bestimmt...
    no \less than 1000 guests/people were at the party es waren nicht weniger als [o bestimmt] 1000 Gäste/Leute auf der Party
    IV. prep
    ▪ \less sth minus [o abzüglich] einer S. gen
    the total of £30, \less the £5 deposit you've paid insgesamt macht es 30 Pfund, abzüglich der 5 Pfund Anzahlung, die Sie geleistet haben
    £900,000 \less tax 900.000 Pfund brutto
    * * *
    [les]
    1. adj, adv, n
    weniger

    of less importance — von geringerer Bedeutung, weniger bedeutend

    less noise, please! — nicht so laut, bitte!

    a sum less than £1 — eine Summe unter £ 1

    it's nothing less than disgraceful/than a disaster — es ist wirklich eine Schande/ein Unglück nt

    this is nothing less than blackmail —

    it was little less than blackmail — das war schon fast Erpressung, das war so gut wie Erpressung

    he was less frightened than angry — er war nicht so sehr ängstlich, sondern eher ärgerlich

    less quickly —

    he works less than I ( do) — er arbeitet weniger als ich

    none the less — trotzdem, nichtsdestoweniger

    I hope you won't think (any the) less of me — ich hoffe, du denkst nicht schlecht von mir

    x is less than/not less than 10 (Math) — x ist kleiner/kleiner (oder) gleich 10

    2. prep
    weniger; (COMM) abzüglich
    * * *
    less [les]
    A adv (komp von little) weniger, in geringerem Maße oder Grad:
    less known weniger bekannt;
    less noisy leiser;
    less and less immer weniger;
    still ( oder much) less noch viel weniger, geschweige denn;
    the less so as (dies) umso weniger, als;
    less than smooth alles andere als glatt;
    we expected nothing less than wir erwarteten alles eher als; → none Bes Redew
    B adj (komp von little)
    1. geringer, kleiner, weniger:
    in a less degree in geringerem Grad oder Maß;
    of less value von geringerem Wert;
    he has less money er hat weniger Geld;
    in less time in kürzerer Zeit;
    no less a man than Churchill kein Geringerer als Churchill
    2. jünger (obs außer in):
    James the Less BIBEL Jakobus der Jüngere
    C s weniger, eine kleinere Menge oder Zahl, ein geringeres (Aus)Maß:
    less is sometimes more weniger ist manchmal mehr;
    it was less than five dollars es kostete weniger als fünf Dollar;
    do with less mit weniger auskommen;
    for less billiger;
    little less than robbery so gut wie oder schon fast Raub;
    no less than nicht weniger als;
    a) zumindest,
    b) geradezu
    D präp
    1. weniger, minus:
    less interest abzüglich (der) Zinsen
    2. ausgenommen
    * * *
    1. adjective

    of less value/importance/account or note — weniger wertvoll/wichtig/bedeutend

    less talking, please — etwas mehr Ruhe, bitte

    2. adverb

    I think less/no less of him after what he did — ich halte nicht mehr so viel/nicht weniger von ihm, seit er das getan hat

    less and less [often] — immer seltener

    the less so because... — um so weniger, als od. weil...

    even or still/far or much less — noch/viel weniger

    3. noun, no pl., no indef. art.

    the less said [about it] the better — je weniger man darüber sagt, um so besser

    in less than no time — (joc.) in Null Komma nichts (ugs.)

    less of that! — (coll.) Schluss damit!

    less of your cheek! — (coll.) sei nicht so frech!

    4. preposition
    * * *
    adj.
    kleiner adj.
    wenig adj.
    weniger adj.

    English-german dictionary > less

  • 4 less

    les
    1. adjective
    ((often with than) not as much (as): Think of a number less than forty; He drank his tea and wished he had put less sugar in it; The salary for that job will be not less than $30,000.) menos

    2. adverb
    (not as much or to a smaller extent: I like her less every time I see her; You should smoke less if you want to remain healthy.) menos

    3. pronoun
    (a smaller part or amount: He has less than I have.) menos

    4. preposition
    (minus: He earns $280 a week less $90 income tax.) menos
    - lesser
    5. adverb
    (less: the lesser-known streets of London.) menor
    - no less a person than
    less adj adv pron menos
    this is more expensive, the other one costs less éste es más caro, el otro cuesta menos
    tr[les]
    1 menos
    1 menos
    ■ the less you eat, the less you'll spend cuánto menos comas, menos gastarás
    1 menos
    1 menos
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    ■ he made a mistake, but I don't think any the less of him for it cometió un error, pero no por eso lo respeto menos
    much less menos aún
    ■ he can't drive, much less fly a plane no sabe conducir, ni mucho menos pilotar un avión
    in less than no time dentro de un momento, en seguida
    no less nada menos
    nothing less than nada menos que
    still less menos aún
    to think (all) the less of somebody tener a alguien en menos consideración
    less ['lɛs] adv comparative of little : menos
    the less you know, the better: cuanto menos sepas, mejor
    less and less: cada vez menos
    less adj comparative of little : menos
    less than three: menos de tres
    less money: menos dinero
    nothing less than perfection: nada menos que la perfección
    less pron
    : menos
    I'm earning less: estoy ganando menos
    less prep
    : menos
    one month less two days: un mes menos dos días
    adj.
    • menor adj.
    adv.
    • menos adv.
    prep.
    • menos prep.

    I les
    adjective ( comp of little I II) menos

    no less a person than the Queen — nada menos que la Reina, ni más ni menos que la Reina


    II
    pronoun ( comp of little II) menos

    a sum of less than $1,000 — una suma inferior a los 1.000 dólares


    III
    adverb ( comp of little III) menos

    IV
    [les]
    1.
    of little; menos

    • no less a person than the bishop — no otro que el obispo, el mismísimo obispo

    2.
    PRON menos

    can't you let me have it for less? — ¿no me lo puedes dar en menos?

    less than £1/a kilo/three metres — menos de una libra/un kiloes metros

    at a price of less than £1 — a un precio inferior or menor a una libra

    • a tip of £10, no less! — ¡una propina de 10 libras, nada menos!

    • nothing less than — nada menos que

    • the less... the less... — cuanto menos... menos...

    3.
    ADV menos

    • less and less — cada vez menos

    • that doesn't make her any less guilty — no por eso es menos culpable

    • even less, still less — todavía menos, menos aún

    • the problem is less one of capital than of personnel — el problema más que de capitales es de personal

    4.
    PREP menos

    the price less 10% — el precio menos 10 por ciento

    * * *

    I [les]
    adjective ( comp of little I II) menos

    no less a person than the Queen — nada menos que la Reina, ni más ni menos que la Reina


    II
    pronoun ( comp of little II) menos

    a sum of less than $1,000 — una suma inferior a los 1.000 dólares


    III
    adverb ( comp of little III) menos

    IV

    English-spanish dictionary > less

  • 5 less

    [les] adv
    1) ( to a smaller extent) weniger;
    you should work more and talk \less du solltest mehr arbeiten und weniger reden;
    getting out of bed in summer is \less difficult than in winter im Sommer fällt das Aufstehen leichter als im Winter;
    I think of him \less as a colleague and more as a friend ich betrachte ihn eher als Freund denn als Kollegen;
    \less of your cheek! sei nicht so frech!;
    he listened \less to the answer than to Kate's voice er hörte weniger auf die Antwort als auf Kates Stimme;
    the \less... the better je weniger..., umso besser;
    the \less said about this unpleasant business the better je weniger über diese unerfreuliche Sache geredet wird, umso besser;
    much [or far] [or a lot] \less complicated viel einfacher;
    \less expensive/ happy/ sad billiger/unglücklicher/glücklicher;
    the more..., the \less... je mehr..., desto weniger...;
    the more she hears about the place, the \less she wants to go there je mehr sie über den Ort erfährt, umso weniger will sie hin;
    no \less a/an...;
    that this is a positive stereotype makes it no \less a stereotype das das ein positives Vorurteil ist, ändert nichts daran, dass es ein Vorurteil ist;
    \less and \less immer weniger;
    she phones me \less and \less sie ruft mich immer weniger an;
    his uncle is \less and \less able to look after himself sein Onkel kann immer weniger für sich sorgen
    \less than... kein bisschen...;
    \less than accurate/ fair/ just/ happy nicht gerade genau/fair/gerecht/glücklich;
    it is little \less than disgraceful that he refused to keep his promises es ist mehr als schändlich, dass er seine Versprechen nicht eingehalten hat
    PHRASES:
    in \less than no time ( hum) ( fam) im Nu ( fam), in null Komma nichts ( fam)
    we'll have the pizzas delivered in \less than no time wir liefern die Pizzas in null Komma nichts;
    you stir the ingredients together, pop it in the oven and in \less than no time, it's ready mischen Sie die Zutaten, schieben Sie die Masse in den Ofen und schon ist es fertig;
    much [or still] \less... ( form) geschweige denn..., viel weniger...;
    at the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, much \less an aircraft mit 14 war ich noch nie mit dem Zug gefahren, geschweige denn geflogen;
    what woman would consider a date with him, much \less a marriage? welche Frau würde mit ihm ausgehen, geschweige denn, ihn heiraten;
    no \less (\less) niemand geringerer;
    who should arrive at the party but the Prime Minister, no \less! und wer war wohl auch auf der Party? der Premierminister, höchstpersönlich!;
    Peter cooked dinner - fillet steak and champagne, no \less Peter kochte das Abendessen - Filetsteak und Champagner, nur das Beste;
    no \less... than... kein geringerer/kein geringeres/keine geringere... als...;
    no \less an occasion than their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary kein geringerer Anlass als ihr 25. Hochzeitstag adj
    I had \less money than I thought ich hatte weniger Geld als ich dachte;
    I eat \less chocolate and fewer biscuits than I used to ich esse weniger Schokolade und Kekse als früher;
    the \less time spent here, the better je weniger Zeit man hier verbringt, umso besser
    2) non-standard ( fewer) weniger;
    the trees have produced \less apples this year die Bäume tragen heute weniger Äpfel;
    short hair presented \less problems than long hair kurzes Haar verursachte weniger Probleme als langes
    3) (old: lower in rank, less important) jünger;
    ... the L\less der Jüngere;
    James the L\less Jakobus der Jüngere pron
    1) ( smaller amount) weniger;
    she is aged 40 or \less sie ist 40 oder jünger;
    he only has $10 but she has even \less! er hat nur $10, sie noch weniger;
    I've been trying to eat \less ich versuche, weniger zu essen;
    a little/lot \less etwas/viel weniger;
    that's too much - could I have a little \less? das ist zu viel - könnte ich etwas weniger haben?;
    to be/do \less of sth;
    I've been seeing \less of her lately ich sehe sie in letzter Zeit weniger;
    \less of a problem ein geringeres Problem;
    storage is \less of a problem than it used to be die Lagerung ist heute ein kleineres Problem als früher;
    \less than... weniger als...;
    we had walked \less than three kilometres when Robert said he wanted to rest wir hatten noch keine drei Kilometer hinter uns, als Robert eine Pause machen wollte;
    ready in \less than an hour in weniger als einer Stunde fertig
    2) non-standard ( fewer) weniger;
    he doesn't have many enemies but she has even \less er hat nicht viele Feinde, sie noch viel weniger;
    \less than... weniger als...;
    a population of \less than 200,000 weniger als 200.000 Menschen
    PHRASES:
    to be little \less than sth fast schon etw sein;
    it was little \less than disgraceful es war fast schon eine Schande;
    his speech was so full of bad jokes and misinformation that it was little \less than an embarrassment seine Rede war so voll mit schlechten Scherzen und falscher Information, dass es fast schon peinlich war;
    no \less than... nicht weniger als..., bestimmt...;
    no \less than 1000 guests/ people were at the party es waren nicht weniger als [o bestimmt] 1000 Gäste/Leute auf der Party prep
    \less sth minus [o abzüglich] einer S. gen;
    the total of £30, \less the £5 deposit you've paid insgesamt macht es £30, abzüglich der £5 Anzahlung, die Sie geleistet haben;
    £900,000 \less tax £900.000 brutto

    English-German students dictionary > less

  • 6 less

    1. n
    менша кількість (сума тощо)
    2. adj
    1) comp від little
    2) менший; менш; менш важливий; другорядний; молодший

    ◊ in a less degree — меншою мірою

    ◊ in less than no time — як оком змигнути

    ◊ in less time — миттю

    ◊ James the L. — бібл. Іаков Менший (апостол)

    ◊ no less a person than... — ніхто інший, як сам...

    ◊ of less importance — менш важливий

    ◊ ten is one less than eleven — десять на один менше, ніж одинадцять

    3. adv (comp від little)
    менше, менш
    4. prep
    без
    * * *
    I [les] a
    2) менший; менш; менш інтенсивний, менш значний; менший ( з числами)
    3) менш важливий; молодший; другорядний
    II [les] adv
    2) менше, менш
    III [les] prep

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > less

  • 7 Lind, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 1716 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 13 July 1794 Gosport, England
    [br]
    Scottish physician and naval surgeon whose studies and investigations led to significant improvements in the living conditions on board ships; the author of the first treatise on the nature and prevention of scurvy.
    [br]
    Lind was registered in 1731 as an apprentice at the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. By 1739 he was serving as a naval surgeon in the Mediterranean and during the ensuing decade he experienced conditions at sea off Guinea, the West Indies and in home waters. He returned to Edinburgh, taking his MD in 1748, and in 1750 was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, becoming the Treasurer in 1757. In 1758 he was appointed Physician to the Naval Hospital at Haslar, Gosport, near Portsmouth, a post which he retained until his death.
    He had been particularly struck by the devastating consequences of scurvy during Anson's circumnavigation of the globe in 1740. At least 75 per cent of the crews had been affected (though it should be borne in mind that a considerable number of them were pensioners and invalids when posted aboard). Coupled with his own experiences, this led to the publication of A Treatise on the Scurvy, in 1754. Demonstrating that this condition accounted for many more deaths than from all the engagements with the French and Spanish in the current wars, he made it clear that by appropriate measures of diet and hygiene the disease could be entirely eliminated.
    Further editions of the treatise were published in 1757 and 1775, and the immense importance of his observations was immediately recognized. None the less, it was not until 1795 that an Admiralty order was issued on the supply of lime juice to ships. The efficacy of lime juice had been known for centuries, but it was Lind's observations that led to action, however tardy; that for economic reasons the relatively ineffective West Indian lime juice was supplied was in no way his responsibility. It is of interest that there is no evidence that Captain James Cook (1728–79) had any knowledge of Lind's work when arranging his own anti-scorbutic precautions in preparation for his historic first voyage.
    Lind's other work included observations on typhus, the proper ventilation of ships at sea, and the distilation of fresh from salt water.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1754, A Treatise on the Scurvy, Edinburgh.
    1757, An Essay on the most effectual means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy, Edinburgh.
    Further Reading
    L.Roddis, 1951, James Lind—Founder of Nautical Medicine. Records of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Records of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Lind, James

  • 8 Watt, James

    [br]
    b. 19 January 1735 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland
    d. 19 August 1819 Handsworth Heath, Birmingham, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine.
    [br]
    The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.
    Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.
    In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.
    James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1785. Honorary LLD, University of Glasgow 1806. Foreign Associate, Académie des Sciences, Paris 1814.
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson and R Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, James Watt, London: B.T. Batsford.
    R.Wailes, 1963, James Watt, Instrument Maker (The Great Masters: Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1), London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Watt, James

  • 9 Young, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 13 July 1811 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 13 May 1883 Wemyss Bay, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish chemist and pioneer petroleum technologist.
    [br]
    Young's early education took place in the evenings, after the day's work in his father's joinery. From 1830 he studied chemistry at the evening classes in Glasgow given by the distinguished Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1805–69) and soon afterwards became Graham's assistant. When Graham moved to University College London in 1837, Young accompanied him.
    From 1839 he was employed in the chemical industry, first with James Muspratt at St Helens, Lancashire, and from 1843 with Tennant \& Company in Manchester. In 1848 his attention was drawn to an oil seepage in a mine at Alfreton, Derbyshire, of some 300 gallons per day; he set up his own works there to extract an oil that could be used for lighting and lubrication. When this source of oil was exhausted, three years later, Young moved to Lothian in Scotland. By distillation, he extracted oil from the oil-shale deposits there and thus founded the Scottish oil-shale industry: he obtained a high yield of paraffin oil for lighting and heating, and was a pioneer in the use of chemical methods in extracting and treating oil. In 1866 he disposed of his company for no less than £400,000. Young's other activities included measuring the speed of light by Fizeau's method and giving financial support to the expeditions of David Livingstone, who had been a fellow student in Glasgow.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1873.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Chemical Society 45:630.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Young, James

  • 10 King, James Foster

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 9 May 1862 Erskine, Scotland
    d. 11 August 1947 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish naval architect and classification society manager who made a significant contribution to the safety of shipping.
    [br]
    King was educated at the High School of Glasgow, and then served an apprenticeship with the Port Glasgow shipyard of Russell \& Co. This was followed by experience in drawing offices in Port Glasgow, Hull and finally in Belfast, where he was responsible for the separate White Star Line drawing office of Harland \& Wolff Ltd, which was then producing the plans for the Atlantic passenger liners Majestic and Teutonic. Following certain unpopular government shipping enactments in 1890, a protest from shipbuilders and shipowners in Ireland, Liverpool and the West of Scotland led to the founding of a new classification society to compete against Lloyd's Register of Shipping. It became known as the British Corporation Register and had headquarters in Glasgow. King was recruited to the staff and by 1903 had become Chief Surveyor, a position he held until his retirement thirty-seven years later. By then the Register was a world leader, with hundreds of thousands of tons of shipping on its books; it acted as consultant to many governments and international agencies. Throughout his working life, King did everything in his power to quantify the risks and problems of ship operation: his contribution to the Load Lines Convention of 1929 was typical, and few major enactments in shipping were designed without his approval. During the inter-war period the performance of the British Corporation outshone that of all rivals, for which King deserved full credit. His especial understanding was for steel structures, and in this respect he ensured that the British Corporation enabled owners to build ships of strengths equal to any others despite using up to 10 per cent less steel within the structure. In 1949 Lloyd's Register of Shipping and the British Corporation merged to form the largest and most influential ship classification society in the world.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1920. Honorary Member, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1941; North East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders (Newcastle) 1943; British Corporation 1940. Honorary Vice-President, Institution of Naval Architects.
    Further Reading
    G.Blake, 1960, Lloyd's Register of Shipping 1760–1960, London: Lloyd's Register. F.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuiding, Cambridge: PSL. 1947, The British Corporation Register of Shipping and Aircraft 1890–1947, An
    Illustrated Record, 1947, Glasgow.
    1946, The British Corporation Register. The War Years in Retrospect, 1956, Glasgow.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > King, James Foster

  • 11 Neilson, James Beaumont

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 22 June 1792 Shettleston, near Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 18 January 1865 Queenshill, Kirkcudbright-shire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of hot blast in ironmaking.
    [br]
    After leaving school before the age of 14 Neilson followed his father in tending colliery-steam engines. He continued in this line while apprenticed to his elder brother and afterwards rose to engine-wright at Irvine colliery. That failed and Neilson obtained work as Foreman at the first gasworks to be set up in Glasgow. After five years he became Manager and Engineer to the works, remaining there for thirty years. He introduced a number of improvements into gas manufacture, such as the use of clay retorts, iron sulphate as a purifier and the swallow-tail burner. He had meanwhile benefited from studying physics and chemistry at the Andersonian University in Glasgow.
    Neilson is best known for introducing hot blast into ironmaking. At that time, ironmasters believed that cold blast produced the best results, since furnaces seemed to make more and better iron in the winter than the summer. Neilson found that by leading the air blast through an iron chamber heated by a coal fire beneath it, much less fuel was needed to convert the iron ore to iron. He secured a patent in 1828 and managed to persuade Clyde Ironworks in Glasgow to try out the device. The results were immediately favourable, and the use of hot blast spread rapidly throughout the country and abroad. The equipment was improved, raising the blast temperature to around 300°C (572°F), reducing the amount of coal, which was converted into coke, required to produce a tonne of iron from 10 tonnes to about 3. Neilson entered into a partnership with Charles Macintosh and others to patent and promote the process. Successive, and successful, lawsuits against those who infringed the patent demonstrates the general eagerness to adopt hot blast. Beneficial though it was, the process did not become really satisfactory until the introduction of hot-blast stoves by E.A. Cowper in 1857.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1846.
    Further Reading
    S.Smiles, Industrial Biography, Ch. 9 (offers the most detailed account of Neilson's life). Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., vol. 30, p. 451.
    J.Percy, 1851, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel (provides a detailed history of hot blast).
    W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans (provides brief details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Neilson, James Beaumont

  • 12 History of volleyball

    ________________________________________
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball
    ________________________________________
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".
    The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.
    His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.
    ________________________________________
    ________________________________________
    In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
    The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.
    Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.
    In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.
    During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.
    On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.
    In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
    1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.
    1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba
    1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports
    1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico
    1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay
    1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games
    1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to Brazil
    In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".
    1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.
    In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
    1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.
    In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
    In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.
    In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.
    1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life
    In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
    In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
    In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.
    Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass
    1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organized
    In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.
    In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.
    In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
    1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.
    1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries
    1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball
    1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.
    1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.
    1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)
    1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California
    1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.
    In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
    The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.
    In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.
    1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.
    1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.
    In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
    In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).
    In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).
    In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.
    In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.
    In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.
    In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.
    In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.
    In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.
    In 1990, the World League was created.
    In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.
    In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.
    In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!
    In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics
    There is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.
    ________________________________________
    Copyright (c)Volleyball World Wide
    Volleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWW
    http://www.Volleyball.ORG/

    English-Albanian dictionary > History of volleyball

  • 13 Arnold, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 1735/6 Bodmin (?), Cornwall, England
    d. 25 August 1799 Eltham, London, England
    [br]
    English clock, watch, and chronometer maker who invented the isochronous helical balance spring and an improved form of detached detent escapement.
    [br]
    John Arnold was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and then worked as an itinerant journeyman in the Low Countries and, later, in England. He settled in London in 1762 and rapidly established his reputation at Court by presenting George III with a miniature repeating watch mounted in a ring. He later abandoned the security of the Court for a more precarious living developing his chronometers, with some financial assistance from the Board of Longitude. Symbolically, in 1771 he moved from the vicinity of the Court at St James's to John Adam Street, which was close to the premises of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures \& Commerce.
    By the time Arnold became interested in chronometry, Harrison had already demonstrated that longitude could be determined by means of a timekeeper, and the need was for a simpler instrument that could be sold at an affordable price for universal use at sea. Le Roy had shown that it was possible to dispense with a remontoire by using a detached escapement with an isochronous balance; Arnold was obviously thinking along the same lines, although he may not have been aware of Le Roy's work. By 1772 Arnold had developed his detached escapement, a pivoted detent which was quite different from that used on the European continent, and three years later he took out a patent for a compensation balance and a helical balance spring (Arnold used the spring in torsion and not in tension as Harrison had done). His compensation balance was similar in principle to that described by Le Roy and used riveted bimetallic strips to alter the radius of gyration of the balance by moving small weights radially. Although the helical balance spring was not completely isochronous it was a great improvement on the spiral spring, and in a later patent (1782) he showed how it could be made more truly isochronous by shaping the ends. In this form it was used universally in marine chronometers.
    Although Arnold's chronometers performed well, their long-term stability was less satisfactory because of the deterioration of the oil on the pivot of the detent. In his patent of 1782 he eliminated this defect by replacing the pivot with a spring, producing the spring detent escapement. This was also done independendy at about the same time by Berthoud and Earnshaw, although Earnshaw claimed vehemently that Arnold had plagiarized his work. Ironically it was Earnshaw's design that was finally adopted, although he had merely replaced Arnold's pivoted detent with a spring, while Arnold had completely redesigned the escapement. Earnshaw also improved the compensation balance by fusing the steel to the brass to form the bimetallic element, and it was in this form that it began to be used universally for chronometers and high-grade watches.
    As a result of the efforts of Arnold and Earnshaw, the marine chronometer emerged in what was essentially its final form by the end of the eighteenth century. The standardization of the design in England enabled it to be produced economically; whereas Larcum Kendall was paid £500 to copy Harrison's fourth timekeeper, Arnold was able to sell his chronometers for less than one-fifth of that amount. This combination of price and quality led to Britain's domination of the chronometer market during the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    30 December 1775, "Timekeepers", British patent no. 1,113.
    2 May 1782, "A new escapement, and also a balance to compensate the effects arising from heat and cold in pocket chronometers, and for incurving the ends of the helical spring…", British patent no. 1,382.
    Further Reading
    R.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (provides an overview).
    V.Mercer, 1972, John Arnold \& Son Chronometer Makers 1726–1843, London.
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Arnold, John

  • 14 undergraduate

    [,andë:'græxhuit/,andë:'grædjuit] n., adj. -n. student (universitar), student i padiplomuar (universitar)./- adj. studentor; studentësh, për studentë; undergraduate studies studime univerzitare; in my undergraduate days kur isha student.
    William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".
    The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.
    His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.
    go down in history as... [gou daun in 'histëri æz] hyj në history si, njihet në history si, pnohet në histori si

    English-Albanian dictionary > undergraduate

  • 15 ♦ should

    ♦ should /ʃʊd, ʃəd/
    v. modale
    should, come tutti i verbi modali, ha caratteristiche particolari:
    ● ha significato di condizionale;
    ● non ha forme flesse (-s alla 3a pers. sing. pres., - ing, -ed), non è mai usato con ausiliari e non ha quindi tempi composti;
    ● forma le domande mediante la semplice posposizione del soggetto;
    ● la forma negativa è should not, spesso abbreviato in shouldn't;
    ● l'infinito che segue non ha la particella to;
    ● viene usato nelle question tags
    1 ( esprime dovere, raccomandazione, opportunità) – Matches should be kept out of the reach of children, i fiammiferi dovrebbero essere tenuti fuori della portata dei bambini; Wrongdoers should be punished, chi fa del male dovrebbe (o deve) essere punito; I should eat less, dovrei mangiare di meno; DIALOGO → - Feeling ill- You should go to bed, dovresti andare a letto; Perhaps I should first explain that…, forse per prima cosa dovrei spiegare (o è bene che io spieghi) che…; Why shouldn't I say what I think?, perché non dovrei dire quello che penso?; «I'm so sorry» «So you should be», «mi dispiace molto» «direi!»
    2 ( seguito da inf. pass., esprime rammarico o rimprovero per qc. di non avvenuto) – We shouldn't have gone, non saremmo dovuti andare; You should have let me know, avresti dovuto informarmi; A present for me? Oh, you shouldn't have!, un regalo per me? oh, ma non dovevi (o non era il caso)!
    3 (alla 2a e 3a pers. sing. o pl.: esprime consiglio, suggerimento) – You should be more careful, dovresti stare più attento; Shouldn't you tell her you're sorry?, non dovresti chiederle scusa?; I think your wife should know, penso che tua moglie dovrebbe saperlo; He shouldn't drink so much, non dovrebbe bere tanto
    4 (alla 1a pers. sing. o pl.: nelle frasi interr., esprime richiesta di consiglio, informazione, ecc.) – Should I tell James?, devo dirlo a James?; I asked him whether I should sell my shares, (rif. al futuro) gli ho chiesto se è bene che venda le mie azioni; (rif. al passato) gli chiesi se avrei fatto bene a vendere le mie azioni; What should I wear for the interview?, come devo vestirmi per il colloquio?
    5 ( esprime probabilità) – We should be there by ten, dovremmo essere là per le dieci; It shouldn't cost you more than a hundred pounds, non dovrebbe costarti più di cento sterline; There shouldn't be any difficulty, non dovrebbero esserci difficoltà; They should have heard about it, dovrebbero esserne stati informati; You should know, dovresti saperlo; How should I know?, come faccio a saperlo?; che ne so io?
    6 (form. o antiq.) (alla 1a pers. sing. e pl.: nel periodo ipotetico) – I should be surprised if I found out that it isn't so, sarei sorpreso se scoprissi che le cose non stanno così; I shouldn't sleep easy if I had so much money in the house, non dormirei tranquillo se avessi in casa tanto denaro; I should refuse if I were you, se fossi in te rifiuterei; I shouldn't worry about it, io non me ne preoccuperei; We should be pleased to meet her, saremmo lieti di conoscerla
    7 (form.) ( esprime eventualità) – If something should happen to you, I don't know how I could bear it, se ti dovesse succedere qualcosa, non so come lo sopporterei; If anyone should see us, they'd think we were crazy, se qualcuno ci vedesse, penserebbe che siamo matti; I don't think he'll come, but if he should, give him this note, non credo che verrà, ma se per caso venisse, dàgli questo biglietto; Should the committee decide against the proposal, we would have to think of something else, se la commissione dovesse bocciare la proposta, dovremmo escogitare qualcos'altro; Should the opportunity arise…, se si presentasse l'occasione…
    8 ( nelle subordinate rette da verbi di pensiero, opinione, timore, speranza, ecc., o da espressioni impersonali) – He proposed that the meeting should be held the following Monday, propose che la riunione si tenesse il lunedì seguente; I was afraid he should come back, avevo paura che ritornasse; (It's) funny you should mention her, è curioso che tu faccia il suo nome
    9 ( dopo verbi di giudizio, esprime un dovere in base a regola o legge) – The Court has ruled that I should receive compensation, il tribunale ha sentenziato che io debba essere (o che io sia) risarcito
    10 (form.) (alla 1a pers. sing. o pl.: davanti a verbi di gradimento, piacere, ecc.) – I should like to read it, mi piacerebbe leggerlo; I should be happy to see some change here, sarei lieto di vedere qualche cambiamento in questo posto; But of course, I should be delighted!, ma certo, ne sarei lietissima!; I should like to make an announcement, desidero fare un annuncio
    11 (alla 2a pers.: davanti all'infinito passato di un verbo di percezione, sottolinea meraviglia, divertimento, indignazione, ecc.) – You should have seen her face!, avresti dovuto vedere la sua faccia!; You should have heard the language he used!, avresto dovuto sentire che razza di linguaggio ha tirato fuori!
    12 ( dopo so that: esprime finalità) – We moved to the end of the room so that we shouldn't be heard, ci siamo spostati in fondo alla sala per non essere sentiti
    13 ( nelle domande retoriche con who e what, esprime sorpresa divertita) – Who should I meet at the airport but Jack?, e chi t'incontro all'aeroporto? Jack!; What should happen then but that the telephone rang?, e a quel punto non comincia a squillare il telefono?
    ● as it should be, come deve essere; come è normale che sia; com'è giusto; a posto; che va bene □ I should hope not, mi auguro di no □ I should hope so, lo spero bene; me lo auguro □ I should say so, direi □ I should think, immagino; suppongo □ I should think not, spero proprio di no; direi; vorrei vedere □ I should think so, immagino (o direi) di sì; (anche, enfatico) direi !, ci credo! □ I should have thought that…, avrei detto che… □ So it should seem, così pare; parrebbe; a quanto pare.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ should

  • 16 Estoril

       Composed of the towns of São Pedro, São João, Monte Estoril, and Estoril, and located about 32 kilometers (15 miles) west of Lisbon along the coast, Estoril forms the heart of a tourist region. Once described in tourist literature as the Sun Coast ( Costa do Sol), this coast—in order not to be confused with a region with a similar name in neighboring Spain (Costa del Sol)—has been renamed the "Lisbon Coast." Its origins go back to several developments in the late 19th century that encouraged the building of a resort area that would take advantage of the coast's fine climate and beaches from Carcav-elos to Cascais. Sporty King Carlos I (r. 1889-1908) and his court liked summering in Cascais (apparently the first tennis in Portugal was played here), then only a simple fishing village. There are medicinal spring waters in Estoril, and the inauguration (1889) of a new train line from Lisbon to Cascais provided a convenient way of bringing in visitors before the age of automobiles and superhighways.
       As a high-class resort town, Estoril was developed beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, due in part to the efforts of the entrepreneur Fausto de Figueiredo, whose memorial statue graces the now famous Casino Gardens. Soon Estoril possessed a gambling casino, restaurants, and several fine hotels.
       Estoril's beginnings as a small but popular international resort and watering spot were slow and difficult, however, and what Estoril became was determined in part by international economy and politics. The resort's backers and builders modeled Estoril to a degree on Nice, a much larger, older, and better-known resort in the French Riviera. The name "Estoril," in fact, which was not found on Portuguese maps before the 20th century, was a Portuguese corruption of the French word for a mountain range near Nice. Estoril hotel designs, such as that of reputedly the most luxurious hotel outside Lisbon, the Hotel Palácio-Estoril, looked to earlier hotel designs on the French Riviera.
       It was remarkable, too, that Estoril's debut as a resort area with full services (hotels, casino, beach, spa) and sports (golf, tennis, swimming) happened to coincide with the depth of the world Depression (1929-34) that seemed to threaten its future. Less expensive, with a more reliably mild year-round climate and closer to Great Britain and North America than the older French Riviera, the "Sun Coast" that featured Estoril had many attractions. The resort's initial prosperity was guaranteed when large numbers of middle-class and wealthy Spaniards migrated to the area after 1931, during the turbulent Spanish Republic and subsequent bloody Civil War (1936-39). World War II (when Portugal was neutral) and the early stages of the Cold War only enhanced the Sun Coast's resort reputation. After 1939, numbers of displaced and dethroned royalty from Europe came to Portugal to live in a sunny, largely tax-free climate. In the early 1950s, Estoril's casino became known to millions of readers and armchair travelers when it was featured in one of the early James Bond books by Ian Fleming, Casino Royale (1953). In the 1980s and 1990s, the Casino was expanded and rehabilitated, while the Hotel Palacio Estoril was given a face-lift along with a new railroad station and the addition of more elegant restaurants and shops. In 2003, in the Estoril Post Office building, a Museum of Exiles and Refugees of World War II was opened.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Estoril

  • 17 Fox, Samson

    [br]
    b. 11 July 1838 Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire, England
    d. 24 October 1903 Walsall, Staffordshire, England
    [br]
    English engineer who invented the corrugated boiler furnace.
    [br]
    He was the son of a cloth mill worker in Leeds and at the age of 10 he joined his father at the mill. Showing a mechanical inclination, he was apprenticed to a firm of machine-tool makers, Smith, Beacock and Tannett. There he rose to become Foreman and Traveller, and designed and patented tools for cutting bevelled gears. With his brother and one Refitt, he set up the Silver Cross engineering works for making special machine tools. In 1874 he founded the Leeds Forge Company, acting as Managing Director until 1896 and then as Chairman until shortly before his death.
    It was in 1877 that he patented his most important invention, the corrugated furnace for steam-boilers. These furnaces could withstand much higher pressures than the conventional form, and higher working pressures in marine boilers enabled triple-expansion engines to be installed, greatly improving the performance of steamships, and the outcome was the great ocean-going liners of the twentieth century. The first vessel to be equipped with the corrugated furnace was the Pretoria of 1878. At first the furnaces were made by hammering iron plates using swage blocks under a steam hammer. A plant for rolling corrugated plates was set up at Essen in Germany, and Fox installed a similar mill at his works in Leeds in 1882.
    In 1886 Fox installed a Siemens steelmaking plant and he was notable in the movement for replacing wrought iron with steel. He took out several patents for making pressed-steel underframes for railway wagons. The business prospered and Fox opened a works near Chicago in the USA, where in addition to wagon underframes he manufactured the first American pressed-steel carriages. He later added a works at Pittsburgh.
    Fox was the first in England to use water gas for his metallurgical operations and for lighting, with a saving in cost as it was cheaper than coal gas. He was also a pioneer in the acetylene industry, producing in 1894 the first calcium carbide, from which the gas is made.
    Fox took an active part in public life in and around Leeds, being thrice elected Mayor of Harrogate. As a music lover, he was a benefactor of musicians, contributing no less than £45,000 towards the cost of building the Royal College of Music in London, opened in 1894. In 1897 he sued for libel the author Jerome K.Jerome and the publishers of the Today magazine for accusing him of misusing his great generosity to the College to give a misleading impression of his commercial methods and prosperity. He won the case but was not awarded costs.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society of Arts James Watt Silver Medal and Howard Gold Medal. Légion d'honneur 1889.
    Bibliography
    1877, British Patent nos. 1097 and 2530 (the corrugated furnace or "flue", as it was often called).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: 919–21.
    Obituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (the fullest of the many obituary notices).
    G.A.Newby, 1993, "Behind the fire doors: Fox's corrugated furnace 1877 and the high pressure steamship", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 64.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Fox, Samson

  • 18 McKay, Donald

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 4 September 1810 Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Canada
    d. 20 September 1880 Hamilton, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American shipbuilder of Western Ocean packets and clippers.
    [br]
    Of Scottish stock, McKay was the son of a farmer and the grandson of a loyalist officer who had left the United States after the War of Independence. After some elementary shipwright training in Nova Scotia, McKay travelled to New York to apprentice to the great American shipbuilder Isaac Webb, then building some of the outstanding ships of the nineteenth century. At the age of 21 and a fully fledged journeyman, McKay again set out and worked in various shipyards before joining William Currier in 1841 to establish a yard in Newburyport, Massachusetts. He moved on again in 1843 to form another venture, the yard of McKay and Pickett in the same locality.
    In 1844 McKay came to know Enoch Train of Boston, then proprietor of a fleet of fast clipper ships on the US A-to-Liverpool run. He persuaded McKay to set out on his own and promised to support him with orders for ships. The partnership with Pickett was dissolved amicably and Donald McKay opened the yard in East Boston, from which some of the world's fastest ships were to be launched. McKay's natural ability as a shipwright had been enhanced by the study of mathematics and engineering drawing, something he had learned from his wife Albenia Boole, the daughter of another shipbuilder. He was not too proud to learn from other masters on the East Coast such as William H.Webb and John Willis Griffiths. The first ships from East Boston included the Washington Irvine of 1845 and the Anglo Saxon of 1846; they were well built and had especially comfortable emigrant accommodation. However, faster ships were to follow, almost all three-masted, fully rigged ships with very fine or "extreme" lines, including the Flying Cloud for the Californian gold rush of 1851, the four-masted barque Great Republic; then, c. 1854, the Lightning was ordered by James Baines of Liverpool for his Black Ball Line. The Lightning holds to this day the speed record for a square-rigged ship's daily run. As the years passed the shipbuilding scene changed, and while McKay's did build some iron ships for the US Navy, they became much less profitable and in 1875 the yard closed down, with McKay retiring to take up farming.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Frank C.Bowen, 1952, "Shipbuilders of other days, Donald McKay of Boston",
    Shipbuilding and Shipping Record (18 September).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > McKay, Donald

  • 19 Woods, Granville

    [br]
    b. 1856 Columbus, Ohio, USA
    d. 1919 New York (?), USA
    [br]
    African-American inventor of electrical equipment.
    [br]
    He was first apprenticed in Columbus as a machinist and blacksmith. In 1872 he moved to Missouri, where he was engaged as a fireman and then engine-driver on the Iron Mountain Railroad. In his spare time he devoted much time to the study of electrical engineering. In 1878 he went to sea for two years as engineer on a British vessel. He returned to Ohio, taking up his previous occupation as engine-driver, and in 1884 he achieved his first patent, for a locomotive firebox. However, the drive towards things electrical was too strong and he set up the Woods Electric Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, to develop and market electrical inventions. Woods gained some fame as an inventor and became known as the "black Edison ". His first device, a telephone transmitter, was patented in December 1884 but faced stiff competition from similar inventions by Alexander Graham Bell and others. The following year he patented a device for transmitting messages in Morse code or by voice that was valuable enough to be bought up by the Bell Telephone Company. A stream of inventions followed, particularly for railway telegraph and electrical systems. This brought him into conflict with Edison, who was working in the same field. The US Patent Office ruled in Woods's favour; as a result of the ensuing publicity, one newspaper hailed Woods as the "greatest electrician in the world". In 1890 Woods moved to New York, where the opportunities for an electrical engineer seemed more favourable. He turned his attention to inventions that would improve the tram-car. One device enabled electric current to be transferred to the car with less friction than previously, incorporating a grooved wheel known as a "troller", whence came the popular term "trolley car".
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: African-American Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 94–5.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Woods, Granville

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